Cold_rolling

Rolling mill for cold rolling metal sheet like this piece of brass sheet.

Cold rolling is a metal working process in which metal is deformed by passing it through rollers at a temperature below its recrystallization temperature. Cold rolling increases the yield strength and hardness of a metal by introducing defects into the metal\'s crystal structure. These defects prevent further slip and can reduce the grain size of the metal, resulting in Hall-Petch hardening.

Cold rolling is most often used to decrease the thickness of plate and sheet metal.

Physical metallurgy of cold rolling

Cold rolling is a method of cold working a metal. When a metal is cold worked, microscopic defects are nucleated through out the deformed area. These defects can be either point defects (a vacancy on the crystal lattice) or a line defect (an extra half plane of atoms jammed in a crystal). As defects accumulate through deformation, it becomes increasingly more difficult for slip, or the movement of defects, to occur. This results in a hardening of the metal.

If enough grains split apart, a grain may split into two or more grains in order to minimize the strain energy of the system. When large grains split into smaller grains, the alloy hardens as a result of the Hall-Petch relationship. If cold work is continued, the hardened metal may fracture.

During cold rolling, metal absorbs a great deal of energy, some of this energy is used to nucleate and move defects (and subsequently deform the metal). The remainder of the energy is released as heat.

While cold rolling increases the hardness and strength of a metal, it also results in a large decrease in ductility. Thus metals strengthened by cold rolling are more sensitive to the presence of cracks and are prone to brittle fracture.

A metal that has been hardened by cold rolling can be softened by annealing. Annealing will relieve stresses, allow grain growth, and restore the original properties of the alloy. Ductility is also restored by annealing. Thus, after annealing, the metal may be further cold rolled without fracturing.

Degree of cold work

Cold rolled metal is given a rating based on the degree it was cold worked. "Skin-rolled" metal undergoes the least rolling, being compressed only 0.5-1% to harden the surface of the metal and make it more easily workable for later processes. Higher ratings are "quarter hard," "half hard" and "full hard"; in the last of these, the thickness of the metal is reduced by 50%.

The ridges and top edge of this can were formed by cold rolling.

Cold rolling as a manufacturing process

Cold rolling is a common manufacturing process. It is often used to form sheet metal. Beverage cans are closed by rolling, and steel food cans are strengthened by rolling ribs into their sides. Rolling mills are commonly used to precisely reduce the thickness of strip and sheet metals.

References

• Reed-Hill, Robert et. al., "Physical Metallurgy Principles". 3rd edition. PWS Boston. ISBN 9780534921736

v • d • e Metal forming
Metal forming	Coin die · Coining · Cold rolling · Die · Drawing · Electromagnetic forming · Flypress · Hot rolling · Hydraulic press · Hydroforming · Machine press · Progressive stamping · Progressive die · Punching · Punch press · Rolling · Shear · Sinking · Stamping press · Metal spinning · Swage
Metalworking topics	Casting · CNC · Cutting tools · Drilling and threading · Fabrication · Forging · Grinding · Jewellery · Lathe · Machining · Machine tooling · Measuring · Metalworking · Hand tools · Metallurgy · Milling · Occupations · Press tools · Pipe and tube bending · Smithing · General terminology · Welding

References

Reed-Hill, Robert, Et. Al. "Physical Metallurgy Principles", 3rd Edition, PWS publishing, Boston, 1991. ISBN 978-0534921736.

Callister Jr., William D., "Materials Science and Engineering - an Introduction", 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Ny, 2003. ISBN 0-471-13576-3

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia